Les métaux lourds plus polluant dans la malnutrition chez l'enfant de moins de 5 ans à Lubumbashi / NA

Introduction : Lubumbashi, première ville du Katanga et deuxième grande ville de la République Démocratique du Congo, est une zone minière et le poumon économique du pays. De ce fait, elle constitue le siège d'une effervescence d'activités minières artisanales et industrielles. Ce travail vise à évaluer la bioaccumulation ou l'intoxication des métaux lourds dans la population des enfants malnutris. Matériel et méthodes : Le cobalt, le chrome, l'antimoine et le Plomb ont été dosés dans le sérum chez les enfants de moins de 5ans (n = 311). L'ICP OES ou le spectrophotomètre d'absorption atomique couplé à un spectrophotomètre à émission optique ont été utilisés pour le dosage. Trois cent onze enfants ont été colligés au cours de la période allant du 1 Juillet 2013 au 31 décembre 2014. Les analyses statistiques ont été réalisées au moyen du logiciel Epi Info 7.1.1.0. Résultats : Parmi les métaux lourds, l'antimoine s'est révélé moins toxique que les autres, tandis que les prévalences et risques de pollution significatifs suivants ont été observés chez les enfants malnutris : 76 % (OR [IC 95 %] : 1,5[1,04-2,25]) pour le chrome, 58 % (OR [IC 95 %] : 1,7[1,18-2,59]) pour le cobalt et 58 % pour le Plomb (OR [IC 95 %] : 1,7[1,15-2,65]). Conclusion : L'intoxication aux métaux lourds reste un problème de santé à Lubumbashi dans la population en général, particulièrement chez les malnutris. Plus l'enfant est jeune, de sexe féminin plus, il était exposé à l'intoxication aux métaux lourds plus polluants dans la majorité des cas. Pour la plupart les zscores PPA et TPA étaient au-delà de 2 avec une différence statistique hautement significative.

Chronic copper poisoning in beef cattle in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil / Intoxicação crônica por cobre em bovinos de corte no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

Copper is an essential micromineral in animal feed; however, when consumed in excess, it can cause liver necrosis, hemolytic crisis, hemoglobinuric nephrosis and death in cattle. Although uncommon in this species, copper poisoning occurs as a result of exacerbated supplementation, deficiency of antagonist microminerals, or previous liver lesions. An outbreak of chronic copper poisoning is reported in semi-confined cattle after supplementation with 50 mg/Kg of dry matter copper. The cattle showed clinical signs characterized by anorexia, motor incoordination, loss of balance, jaundice, brownish or black urine, diarrhea and death, or were found dead, 10 to 302 days after consumption. Of the 35 cattle that died, 20 underwent necropsy, whose frequent findings were jaundice, enlarged liver with evident lobular pattern, black kidneys, and urinary bladder with brownish to blackish content. Microscopically, the liver showed vacuolar degeneration and/or zonal hepatocellular centrilobular or paracentral coagulative necrosis, in addition to cholestasis, mild periacinal fibrosis, apoptotic bodies, and mild to moderate mononuclear inflammation. Degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium and intratubular hemoglobin cylinders were observed in the kidneys. Copper levels in the liver and kidneys ranged from 5,901.24 to 28,373.14 µmol/kg and from 303.72 to 14,021 µmol/kg, respectively. In conclusion, copper poisoning due to excessive nutritional supplementation is an important cause of jaundice, hemoglobinuria, and death in semi-confined cattle.(AU)

Cobre é um micromineral essencial, que quando em excesso induz necrose hepática, crise hemolítica, nefrose hemoglobínurica e morte em bovinos. As intoxicações, apesar de incomuns nessa espécie, ocorrem devido a suplementação exacerbada de cobre, pela deficiência de microminerais antagonistas ou secundária a lesão hepática prévia. Relata-se um surto de intoxicação crônica por cobre em bovinos semiconfinados após suplementação com 50mg/kg de cobre em matéria seca. Os bovinos manifestaram sinais clínicos caracterizados por anorexia, incoordenação motora, perda de equilíbrio, icterícia, urina acastanhada ou negra, diarreia e morte ou foram encontrados mortos, após 10 a 302 dias do início de consumo. De 35 bovinos que morreram 20 foram submetidos à necropsia sendo achada frequente icterícia, fígado aumentado e com padrão lobular evidente, rins pretos e bexiga urinária repleta de conteúdo acastanhado a enegrecida. Microscopicamente, no fígado havia degeneração vacuolar e ou necrose coagulativa hepatocelular zonal, centrolobular ou paracentral, além de degeneração vacuolar com corpúsculos de Councilman, colestase, fibrose periascinar leve, e inflamação de discreta a moderada. Nos rins havia degeneração e necrose do epitélio tubular assim como cilindros de hemoglobina intratubulares. Os níveis de cobre no fígado e rim foram de 5.901,24 a 28.373,14µmol/kg e 303,72 a 14.021µmol/kg respectivamente. A suplementação nutricional excessiva com cobre pode causar doença hemolítica com icterícia, hemoglobinúria e morte de bovinos mantidos em sistema de semiconfinamento.(AU)

Intoxicación ocupacional por metales pesados / Occupational poisoning due to heavy metals

Se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva con vistas a demostrar la relación existente entre ciertas profesiones y las intoxicaciones por metales pesados. A tales efectos, en el presente artículo se describen las fuentes de emisión y las aplicaciones de dichos metales, así como las afecciones que provocan a la salud. Se constató que las intoxicaciones diagnosticadas en trabajadores de la provincia, en el período 2000-2016, estuvieron asociadas a diferentes empleos, tales como reparación de baterías, plomería, soldadura y odontología. A partir de lo anterior se exponen algunas recomendaciones a considerar en los campos salud ocupacional-metales pesados

An exhaustive literature review aimed at demonstrating the existent relationship between certain professions and poisonings due to heavy metals was carried out. To such effects, the emission sources and uses of these metals are described in this work, as well as the disorders that cause to health. It was verified that the poisonings diagnosed in workers of the province, during 2000-2016, were associated with different jobs, such as batteries repair, plumbing, welding and dentistry. From the above-mentioned, some recommendations to consider everything regarding occupational health-heavy metals are exposed

Heavy metals identification and exposure at workplace environment its extent of accumulation in blood of iron and steel recycling foundry workers of Lahore, Pakistan

The determination of heavy metals in blood is an important occupational environmental toxicology screening procedure. The aim of study was to determine the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in blood samples of iron and steel foundry workplace exposed workers under routine clinical laboratory conditions. The method was employed for the quantitative determination of lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel in workplace environment particulate matter blood samples from iron and steel foundry workers and in unexposed controls. The results indicate that lead, chromium and nickel levels of the exposed workers are significantly higher those of the controls. Nickel Concentration [fig/L] in high P value=0.0306 and Chromium Concentration [microg/L] in P value=0.0295in worker population as compared to controls. Lead showed highest Absorption concentration in serum from particulate matter to Serum 47.3[microg/L]. Absorption concentration of nickel in serum 16.5[microg/L] was lower than lead observed in worker's population. Absorption concentration of cadmium and chromium in serum from particulate matter -152[microg/L] observed very low. The results also show the need for immediate improvements in workplace ventilation and industrial hygiene practices

In vitro antimicrobial, antiprotozoal activities and heavy metals toxicity of different parts of Ballota pseudodictamnus [L.] Benth

The study was done to check the antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activity of different parts of Ballota pseudodictamnus [L.] Benth. These activities were then compared with the heavy metals toxicity of different parts, which plants accumulate in different concentrations in different parts. In in-vitro antileishmanial results ethanolic extract, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions in roots of Ballota pseudodictamnus [L.] Benth showed antileishmanial activity. The ethanol, w-butanol and ethyl acetate fraction in stem revealed inhibition of amastigote form of leishmania. The ethanolic extract, chloroform, and w-butanol fraction in leaves showed inhibition of leishmanial parasite. In heavy metals study, Chromium was above permissible value in all parts except in leaves. Nickel was above WHO limit in roots. Cadmium and lead were beyond permissible limits in entire plant parts. Results revealed that different parts of the plant have different inhibition properties. So each part of plant should be checked for antimicrobial and antiprotozoal assay separately. It is concluded that various metals accumulates with miscellaneous concentrations in different plant parts

Protein analysis and heavy metals accumulation in muscles of wild and farmed nile tilapia [oreochromis niloticus]

The present study aimed to assess the levels of some heavy metals [Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd] in muscles of wild and farmed Oreochromis niloticus as well as to evaluate the human hazard index associated with fish consumption

In addition, total protein, molecular weights and band counts of sarcoplasmic proteins were investigated with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] method. The obtained results revealed that the accumulation of Cu has the highest value in farmed Oreochromis niloticus compared to wild Oreochromis niloticus while the highest Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations were recorded in wild Oreochromis niloticus compared to farmed Oreochromis niloticus

The calculated hazard index [HI] indicated that all metals had low HI except Pb and Cd levels in both wild and farmed fish were higher than their permissible limits for fish as a human food

There was no significant [P> 0.05] difference between wild and farmed Oreochromis niloticus in total protein

Wild fish predominant farmed fish in the number of separated proteins

Wild fish muscle protein showed 12 protein bands, while farmed fish muscle proteins showed 11 protein bands. Also, these bands were differed in quantitative parameters. Wild fish had unique bands [MW. 198.13, 97.92, 56.77 and 29.75] while farmed fish had unique bands [MW. 121.62, 79.05 and 26,16]

The current data found that there are differences in electrophoretic pattern and heavy metals accumulation between wild and farmed Oreochromis niloticus

Intoxicação infantil por chumbo: uma questão de saúde e de políticas públicas / Childhood lead poisoning: a health issue and public policy / Intoxicación infantil por plomo: una cuestión de salud y de políticas públicas

O reconhecimento de que níveis de plumbemia acima de 10 μg/dL em crianças podem causar alterações neurocomportamentais, tais como déficits no desenvolvimento psicológico, hiperatividade, atrasos no desenvolvimento da linguagem e cognição, aponta a relevância de políticas públicas de saúde junto a populações que foram intoxicadas. Neste texto, apresenta-se um panorama geral sobre a exposição ao chumbo, seus valores de referência, a exposição como fator de risco à saúde e a necessidade de investimentos em políticas públicas de prevenção, bem como a possibilidade de atuação de profissionais da Psicologia em relação a esse fenômeno e seus efeitos. Destaca-se a relevância da participação do psicólogo na equipe de saúde e na pesquisa, desenvolvendo conhecimentos e estratégias de intervenção

The blood lead levels above 10μg/dl in children can cause neurobehavioral changes, such as deficits in psychological development, hyperactivity, delays in language development and cognition and suggests policies public health' relevance with intoxicated people. This text presents an overview of lead poisoning, their reference values, risk factor to health and the need for investment in public policies for prevention, as well as the possibility of performance of professional psychology in relation to this phenomenon and its effects. We emphasize the importance of the participation of psychologists in the health team and research, developing acquirements and intervention strategies

El reconocimiento de que los niveles de plomo en sangre por encima de 10μg/ dl en los niños puede causar alteraciones neuroconductuales, tales como los déficits en el desarrollo psicológico, hiperactividad, retraso en el desarrollo del lenguaje y la cognición, señala la importancia de las políticas públicas de salud para las poblaciones que resultaron intoxicadas. Este artículo presenta una visión general de la exposición al plomo, sus valores de referencia, la exposición como un factor de riesgo para la salud y la necesidad de invertir en políticas públicas de prevención, así como la posibilidad de actuación de profesionales de la Psicología en relación con este fenómeno y sus efectos. Destacamos la importancia de la participación del psicólogo en el equipo de salud y en la investigación, desarrollando conocimientos y estrategias de intervención

Heavy metal poisoning and renal injury in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

Along with global environmental pollution resulting from economic development, heavy metal poisoning in children has become an increasingly serious health problem in the world. It can lead to renal injury, which tends to be misdiagnosed due to the lack of obvious or specific early clinical manifestations in children. Early prevention, diagnosis and intervention are valuable for the recovery of renal function and children's good health and growth. This paper reviews the mechanism of renal injury caused by heavy metal poisoning in children, as well as the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention and treatment of renal injury caused by lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium.

Estudio del manejo del plomo en establecimientos de tipografía, reconstrucción de baterías y recicladores de chatarra en el departamento del Quindío, Colombia / Study of lead management in typography establishments, battery reconstruction and scrap cecyclers in Quindio (Colombia)

En el 2011, existían en el departamento del Quindío aproximadamente 95 establecimientos comerciales, dedicados a tipografías, reciclaje de chatarra, y reconstrucción de baterías en donde los trabajadores tenían contacto con metales pesados como el plomo (Pb) sin protección alguna. De estos 95 establecimientos, participaron en el estudio el 55% y de estas empresas se encontró que el 80.65% era economía informal, es decir, independientes, unifamiliares y sin afiliación a la Seguridad Social Integral (Salud, Pensión y Riesgos laborales). El riesgo más importante en estos trabajadores es la manipulación consciente o inconsciente del plomo. El Pb se utiliza en su forma metálica y en aleaciones, siendo de los pocos metales que es tóxico por sí mismo. El Pb no tiene una función biológica útil en el hombre, por lo que es preocupante que se hable de cifras normales de este metal en la sangre. La exposición no controlada del Pb genera graves daños a nivel sistémico del organismo, tales como: disminución de la capacidad física, fatiga, trastornos del sueño, cefalea, dolores de huesos y músculos, dolores abdominales, disminución del apetito y en casos muy graves se produce daño en riñones e incluso la muerte.

In 2011, about 95 commercial establishments existed in the department of Quindio, they worked in typography, scrap recycling, and battery reconstruction where workers had contact with heavy metals such as lead (Pb), without any protection. 55 % of these 95 establishments participated in the study, and 80,65% of them worked informally, that is to say people who were independent, single-family, and without Integral Social Security affiliation (health, pension and occupational hazards). The Major risk in these workers is conscious or unconscious manipulation of lead. The Pb is used in metallic form and alloys, being one of the few metals that are toxic by itself. The Pb has no useful biological function in humans, so it is worrying to talk about normal levels of lead in the blood. Uncontrolled exposure of Pb causes serious damage to the body in a systemical level, such as decreased physical fitness, fatigue, sleep disorders, headache, muscle and bone pain, abdominal pain, decreased appetite and, in severe cases, produces kidney damage and even death.

Riesgo sanitario por sustancias tóxicas en aguas superficiales de Tres Arroyos, Argentina / Health risk by toxic substances in freshwater of Tres Arroyos, Argentina / Risco sanitário por substâncias tóxicas em águas superficiais de Tres Arroyos, Argentina

En cursos de agua del partido de Tres Arroyos (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) se encontraron sustancias tóxicas (metales pesados, nitratos, nitritos, fluoruros, sustancias fenólicas y pesticidas organoclorados). El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar el riesgo sanitario para el baño recreativo en esas aguas. El análisis se basó en el modelo USEPA probabilístico para riesgo agregado y acumulativo, tanto para efectos no carcinogenéticos (ENC) como carcinogenéticos (EC), considerando la ingesta accidental de agua y el contacto dérmico. Se planteó un escenario de exposición basado en datos propios y de la literatura para un niño de 10 años como representativo de la población expuesta. Los resultados indican que no existiría riesgo relevante para la actividad recreativa para las concentraciones consideradas. De todos los cuerpos de agua el de mayor riesgo es el Arroyo Claromecó, pero sólo alcanza al 20% del valor limitante. Los metales contribuyen con un 82 y 99% del riesgo total acumulado por ENC y EC, respectivamente, seguidos por las sustancias inorgánicas. Y de los metales, el mayor contribuyente al riesgo es el arsénico, quien aporta el 78 y 99% del riesgo agregado y acumulado por todas las sustancias para ENC y EC, respectivamente.

Toxic substances (heavy metals, nitrate, nitrite, fluoride, phenolic substances and organochlorine pesticides) were detected in Tres Arroyos county freshwaters (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). The aim of this study was estimate the human health risk (HR) associated with these substances during recreational bathing. The probabilistic HR assessment was based on aggregated and cumulative USEPA models. Cancer (CE) and non-cancer (NCE) risk were estimated for accidental drinking and dermal contact during the recreational activity. The exposure scenario considered was based on own and literature data, and a ten year-old child was selected as representative of the exposed population. The results indicated that surveyed substances do not generate any health risk for recreational bathing with direct contact at the specified concentrations and exposure conditions. Claromecó creek station was the riskiest point of whole water bodies, but it reaches only 20% of the limitating value. Metals were the major contributors to overall aggregated and cumulative risk (82% for NCE and 99% for CE), followed by inorganic substances. Arsenic was the most dangerous metal, responsible for the 78 and 99% of the aggregate and cumulative risks for all substances for NCE and CE, respectively.

Em cursos d´água da localidade de Tres Arroyos (Província de Buenos Aires, Argentina) foram encontradas substâncias tóxicas (metais pesados, nitratos, nitritos, fluoretos, substâncias fenólicas e pesticidas organoclorados). O objetivo do trabalho foi calcular o risco sanitário para o banho com fins recreativos nessas águas. A análise foi realizada com base no modelo USEPA probabilístico para risco agregado e acumulativo, tanto para efeitos não carcinogênicos (ENC) como carcinogênicos (EC), considerando a ingestão acidental de água e o contato dérmico. Foi apresentado um cenário de exposição com base em dados próprios e da literatura para um menino de dez anos como representativo da população exposta. Os resultados indicam que não existiria risco relevante para a atividade recreativa para as concentrações consideradas. De todos os corpos de água aquele de maior risco é o Arroyo Claromecó mas só atinge 20% do valor limitante. Os metais contribuem com 82 e 99% do risco total acumulado por ENC e EC, respectivamente, seguidos pelas substâncias inorgânicas. E dos metais, o maior contribuinte ao risco é o arsênico, que oferece 78 e 99% do risco agregado e acumulado por todas as substâncias para ENC e EC, respectivamente.

Manifestaciones cutáneas como parámetro de teratogenicidad en la intoxicación con metales pesados / Cutaneous signs as parameter in teratogenicity by heavy metal intoxication

Se estudiaron los efectos teratogénicos de metales pesados (acetatos de Cd2+ y Pb2+ y sulfato de Cu2+), en embriones de pollo en desarrollo, después de la administración de una monodosis del metal. Los huevos embrionados fueron inyectados en la yema en el día 12 de incubación. Las concentraciones de los iones fueron (nmoles/g huevo): Cd2+: Dosis 1 (D1): 0,16 y Dosis 2 (D2): 0,32; Pb2+: D1: 8,0 y D2: 16,0 y Cu2+: D1: 1,7 y D2: 3,3. Los resultados se evaluaron después de continuar la incubación in ovo durante 12 y 60 hs Cu2+ y Pb2+ no aumentaron la mortalidad de los embriones, en cambio, la presencia de Cd2+ produjo entre 30 y 86 % de mortalidad de los embriones, con efectos dosis y tiempo dependientes. Los embriones intoxicados con la D2 de Cd2+ durante 60 hs fueron los únicos ejemplares que presentaron disminución en su peso promedio, respecto de los ejemplares de control. La administración de Cd2+ causó efectos teratogénicos más severos que los tratamientos con Cu2+ y Pb2+. Se puede concluir que los metales pesados son embriotóxicos e inducen teratogenia en embriones de pollo en desarrollo. Se sugiere que los mejores parámetros para evaluar la teratogenicidad producida por la intoxicación Cd2+, Cu2+ y Pb2+ son los derrames cutáneos y hepáticos.

Teratogenic effects of heavy metals (Cd2+- and Pb2+- acetates and Cu2+- suphate) were studied on chick embryos, after the administration as a single dose. Test materials were injected into the yolk on day 12 of incubation. Tested concentrations were (nmole/g egg): Cd2+ Dose 1 (D1): 0.16 and Dose 2 (D2): 0.32; Pb2+: D1: 8.0 and D2: 16.0 and Cu2+: D1: 1.7 and D2: 3.3. Evaluations were performed after in ovo incubation for 12 and 60 hours. Embryonic mortality did not increase at the two dose levels of Cu2+ and Pb2+, while Cd2+ caused 30 and 86% of mortality, showing dose and time responses. Eggs treated with D2 of Cd2+ for 60 hs, significantly decreased the average of body mass embryo, when compared to the control group. Cd2+ administration was responsible for the most severe teratogenic signs compared to Cu2+ and Pb2+ treatments. It can be concluded that heavy metals are embryotoxic and teratogenics. We suggest that cutaneous and liver hemorrhages are the best signs to evaluate teratogenicity induced by Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+.